ʶº£ÄÚ±ê¼ÇµÄʯɽÒѾ½üÁ½°Ù×ù£¬ÆäÖÐÓоÞÐÍÁúÊÞ´æÔÚµÄʯɽ³¬¹ýÎåÊ®×ù£¬ÁíÍ⻹ÓÐδÁÐÈë·ÏßµÄʯɽ£¬ÄÇЩʯɽҲÓв»ÉÙ´æÔÚ¾ÞÐÍÁúÊÞ£¬´ÖÂÔÒ»Ë㣬¾ÞÐÍÁúÊÞµÄÊýÁ¿½ü°ÙÌõ£¬ºÎ¿ö»¹ÓÐÆÝ³¤Õ÷Î´Ôøµ½¹ýµÄ»ìãç¿Õ¼äÇøÓò£¬»òÐíÒªÔÚÕâ¸öÊýÁ¿ÉÏÔÙ·ÉÏÒ»±¶£¬µÃ³öµÄÊý×ÖÈÃÆÝ³¤Õ÷ÐľªÈâÌø¡£
Ò»Ìõ¾ÞÐÍÁúÊÞ¾ÍÄÜÓëÔ³×æ¿¹ºâʱ³¤£¬ÈýºóÈκÎһλµ¥¶À¶ÔÉ϶¼ÐèÒª¸ü³¤µÄʱ¼ä²ÅÄܽ«Æäնɱ£¬¶øÒÔ¾ÅÀÏÕ½Á¦À´ÂÛ£¬Å׿ª×îÇ¿³Â¸óÀϲ»Ì¸£¬ÐèÒªÁ½Î»²ÅÄܶԸ¶µÃÁËÒ»Ìõ¾ÞÐÍÁúÊÞ£¬ÈôÏ뾡¿ìնɱ£¬ÖÁÉÙÐèÒªÈýλ¸óÀÏÁªÊÖ¡£
Õ⻹ÊÇÔÚÓëÏɽ绷¾³À×ͬµÄÌìÍâÌì»·¾³£¬ÒªÊÇ»»³ÉÐé¿Õ×÷Õ½£¬½á¹û»¹Á½Ëµ¡£
¾ÍËãÒÔÆÝ³¤Õ÷Ðé¿Õ¾³¾³½ç£¬Æ¾½è¿Õ¼äÖ®Á¦Õ¶É±Ò»Ìõ¾ÞÐÍÁúÊÞ²»ÄÑ£¬µ«×î¶àÒ²¾ÍÄÜͬʱӦ¶ÔÁ½Ìõ¾ÞÐÍÁúÊÞ¡£
Óɴ˿ɼû¾ÞÐÍÁúÊÞÕ½Á¦Ö®Ç¿¡£
Íù³£»¹ÕæÃ»ÓÐ×Ðϸ¿¼ÂǹýÕâ¸öÎÊÌ⣬Õâ¶Îʱ¼ä¶À×Ô̽Ѱ»ìãç¿Õ¼äÆÝ³¤Õ÷ûÉÙ¿¼ÂÇ£¬¶øÇÒ¾ÞÐÍÁúÊÞ³ýÁËÕ½Á¦Ö®Í⣬»¹µÈͬÓÚÃðÊÀ¡°Ñø·Ö¡±£¬´ÓÕâ¸ö·½ÃæÀ´¿´£¬¾ÞÐÍÁúÊ޵ĴæÔÚÉõÖÁ±ÈÐé¿Õ¾ÞÁúµÄ´æÔÚ»¹Òª¸ü¼ÓÂé·³¡£
һ·½÷É÷ÏÂÐУ¬ÆÝ³¤Õ÷¶¼ÔÚ¿¼ÂÇÕâ¸öÎÊÌ⣬ÈôÊDz»ÄܰѾÞÐÍÁúÊÞÓëÃðÊÀ·Ö¿ª£¬ÏëҪնɱÃðÊÀ¼¸ºõû¿ÉÄÜ¡£
µ«¾ÞÐÍÁúÊ޺ñÈÃðÊÀÌùÉí»¤ÎÀ¶Ó£¬Ðé¿Õ¾ÞÁúÓֺñȻ¤ÎÀ¶Ó³¤£¬¼¸ºõÓëÃðÊÀÐÎÓ°²»À룬ÏëÒª½â¾öÕâ¸öÎÊÌâÌ«ÄÑÌ«ÄÑ£¬Ã¿Ò»´Î˼¿¼¶¼ÕÒ²»µ½°ì·¨£¬°üÀ¨½ñÈÕÆÝ³¤Õ÷˼¿¼Á¼¾ÃÒ²Ïë²»³ö¿ÉÐеİ취À´¡£
ËÆÓÐËÆÎÞµÄÁúÊÞÆøÏ¢´«À´£¬ÆÝ³¤Õ÷ÔÝʱ·ÅÆú˼¿¼£¬È«Éñ¹áעϷ½¿ÕÓò¡£
Ä¿Á¦Ëù¼°½öÓÐÈýÕÉ£¬¾ÞÐÍÁúÊÞ¾ÍÔÚ½Åϲ»Ô¶£¬ÕâÑùµÄÇéÐÎÆÝ³¤Õ÷Óöµ½¹ýÌ«¶à´Î£¬ÔçÒÑÖªµÀ¸ÃÈçºÎ´¦Àí¡£ÒÔÆøÏ¢ÎªÒý£¬Ö»ÔÚÆøÏ¢±¡ÈõÇøÓòÈÆÐУ¬¹ÀËãÒÑÖÁʯɽµ×²¿£¬Õâ²ÅÐìÐì½Ó½ü¡£
ÒÔÍùµÄ¾Ñ鏿ËßÆÝ³¤Õ÷£¬¾ö²»ÄÜÔÚÏÂÐйý³Ì²ì¾õ¾ÞÐÍÁúÊÞÆøÏ¢Ö®Ê±¼ÌÐøÏÂÐУ¬ÒòΪÄã²»ÖªµÀÊÇ·ñÓÃæ¶ÔÉÏÁúÊס£
֮ǰÓÐÒ»´Î¾ÍÊÇÈç´Ë£¬²ì¾õ¾ÞÐÍÁúÊÞÆøÏ¢¼ÌÐøÏÂÐУ¬´ý¼ûµ½Å̺áʯɽµÄ¾ÞÐÍÁúÊÞ֮ʱ£¬·½Î»Ç¡Ç¡¾ÍÊǾÞÐÍÁúÊÞÁúÊ×ËùÔÚ·½Î»£¬Ò²ºÃÔÚÆÝ³¤Õ÷ÔËÆø×ã¹»ºÃ£¬ÈýÕÉÖ®ÄÚÏÈ·¢ÏÖÁú½Ç£¬Á¬Ã¦±ÜÈÿªÀ´£¬Õâ²ÅÃâÓÚÓë¾ÞÐÍÁúÊÞÃæ¶ÔÃæµÄºó¹û¡£
µ±È»£¬Ò²²»ÊÇËùÓоÞÐÍÁúÊÞ¶¼ÊÇÁúÊ×λÓÚʯɽ¶¥¶Ë£¬Ò²ÓÐÁúÊ×λÓÚʯɽÖв¿µÄ£¬ÆÝ³¤Õ÷ͬÑùÓö¼û¹ý£¬×îºó×ܽá³ö¾ÑéÓØ»ØÈÆÐУ¬²»Ôڹ滮·ÏßÖ®ÄÚµÄʯɽֱ½Ó±Ü¿ª£¬ÈôÔڹ滮ÄÚµÄʯɽ±ã´Óʯɽµ×²¿ÇøÓò¿¿½ü×ö±ê¼Ç¡£
ÕâÒ»´ÎÒ²ÊÇÒ»Ñù£¬´Óµ×²¿ÇøÓò½Ó½üʯɽ£¬¼ûµ½µÄÖ»ÊǾÞÐÍÁúÊÞÒ»¶Îβ²¿ÁúÇû¶øÒÑ£¬ÇÄÇÄÔÚʯɽµ×²¿ÁôÏÂÒ»µÀÓ¡¼Ç£¬Ò²Í¬Ê±ÔÚʶº£ÄÚÁôÏÂʯɽ·½Î»£¬ÔÙ¶ÈÇáµãʯɽµ×²¿ÐìÐìÏÂÐС£
Èç´ËÓÖ¹ýÈ¥ÁËÁ½ÈÕ£¬ÔÚ¼¸×ùʯɽÁôÏÂÓ¡¼Ç£¬¾àÀëÔ̺¬ÃðÊÀÆøÏ¢µÄ»ìãçÇøÓòÍâΧÒѾ²»Ô¶ÁË£¬¹À¼ÆÒ²¾ÍÒ»Á½ÈÕµÄÑù×Ó£¬Óë¼Æ»®Ê±¼äÏà·û¡£
ÆÝ³¤Õ÷²»ÓɵÃÉÔÉÔËÉÁË¿ÚÆø£¬°Ë¸ö¶àÔÂÎÞʱÎÞ¿Ì´¦ÓÚ½ôÕÅÖ®ÖУ¬Ë¿ºÁ²»¸Òиµ¡£¬²»ÊÇÇ×Éí¾
Àú¹ýµÄÏÉÈË£¬ËÒ²Ìå»á²»µ½ÆäÖмèÐÁÓë¹Â¶À¡£
Á½ÈÕºó£¬ÆÝ³¤Õ÷ÖÕÓÚ¿ÉÒÔÕæÕýËÉÁËÒ»¿ÚÆø£¬´Ë¿ÌËûÒѾÀ뿪Ô̺¬ÃðÊÀÆøÏ¢µÄ»ìãçÇøÓò£¬Õ¾ÔÚÒ»×ùʯɽ¶¥²¿£¬Ë«±Û´óÕÅ£¬»ìãçÖ®Æø¶Ùʱ³äÓ¯ÖÜÉí£¬Ôں̵ܶÄʱ¼äÄÚ±ãÈÃËû¸ÐÊܵ½ÏÉÁ¦³äÓ¯µÄ¿ìÀÖ¡£
ºÜÏë¸ßº°Ò»ÉùÐûй£¬ÖÕ¾¿ÈÌÁËÏÂÀ´£¬ÊúÆðÁ½¸ùÖÐÖ¸ÎÞÉù±¬´Ö¿Ú£¬Ò»Ô¾¶øÆð£¬Èƹýʯɽ´©ËóÏÂÐС£
¸ÐÖªÊÍ·ÅÊ®ÕÉ¿ªÍ⣬ËÙ¶ÈÒÀ¾É¿ì²»ÁËÌ«¶à£¬µ«±ÈÆð֮ǰÒѾ¿ìÁËÊý±¶²»Ö¹£¬¾¹ýÒ»×ù×ùÊìϤµÄʯɽ£¬ÁôÏÂÒ»µÀµÀÓ¡¼Ç£¬½ö½öÒ»ÈÕʱ¼ä¾Í±È֮ǰһÔÂÁôϵÄÓ¡¼Ç¶¼Òª¸ü¶à¡£
¼ÇÒäÖÐÏÂÐв»Ì«Ô¶¾ÍÊÇÒ»×ù´óÐÍʯɽ£¬Ö®Ç°ËûÓëÑî꯾ÍÔÚÄÇ×ùʯɽÐÝÏ¢¹ý£¬ËûÍùÄÇ×ùʯɽ·½ÏòÂÓÈ¥£¬Ò²´òËãÐÝÏ¢Ò»»á¶ù£¬¶ûºóÒ»¹Ä×÷Æø·µ»Ø¾Å¿ÕÌåÄڿռ䡣
µ½ÁËÏÖÔÚ£¬ÆÝ³¤Õ÷ÒѾ»ù±¾·ÅÏÂÐÄÀ´£¬×îΣÏÕµÄÇøÓòÒѾ¹ýÈ¥£¬ÎÞ´¦²»ÔڵĻìãçÖ®Æø±£Ö¤ËæÊ±ËæµØ¶¼ÄܳäÓ¯ÌåÄÚ¿Õ¼äÏÉÁ¦£¬À뿪Ô̺¬ÃðÊÀÆøÏ¢»ìãç¿ÕÓòÖ®ºóÒ²ÔÙδ·¢ÏÖ¾ÞÐÍÁúÊÞ×Ù¼££¬»Øµ½¾Å¿ÕÌåÄÚ¿Õ¼äÒ²¾ÍÊÇʱ¼äÉϵÄÎÊÌâ¡£
ÐÄÇéÏ൱²»´í¡£
Ƭ¿Ì£¬´óÐÍʯɽÒÑÔÚ¸ÐÖª·¶Î§³öÏÖ£¬ÆÝ³¤Õ÷·ÉÂäÆäÉÏ£¬ÁôÏÂÓ¡¼ÇÖ®ºó£¬Ï°¹ßÐÔÔÚ¿Ó¿ÓÍÝÍݵÄʯɽ±íÃæÕÒÁËÒ»´¦°¼ÏÝ´¦×êÁ˽øÈ¥£¬ËûÒªºÃºÃÐÝϢһϡ£
±ÕÉÏË«ÑÛ£¬·Å¿ÕÄÔ×Ó£¬Ê²Ã´Ò²²»È¥Ï룬ֻ½»´úµÛÔª°ëÈÕÖ®ºó½ÐÐÑ×Ô¼º£¬¾Í´ËÏÝÈë³Á˯¡£
ÏàͬµÄʱ¼ä£¬ÉÏÈýÌìÏÉÕóƽ̨Ï·½Ò»×ù¹¬µîÄÚ£¬ÎÞËùÊÂʵÄÔ³ÇàɽÀ´ÕҾſÕÏÂÆå£¬¾Å¿Õϲ»¹ýÔ³ÇàɽҪ»ÚÆå£¬Ô³Çàɽ²»Èã¬ÅԱ߳¸óÀÏÇÃÁËÇÃÆåÅÌ£¬Ô³Çàɽ̧ͷ¿´Ëû£¬×ªÍ·ÓÖ¿´Ò»Ñ۾ſÕÁíÒ»²àµÄÌìãåÏÉ×ð£¬Ö»ÄÜͬÒ⣬½á¹ûËûÊäÁË¡£
¡°ÕâÆåû·¨ÏÂÁË£¬ÎÒÕÒÅùö¨È¥¡£¡±Ô³ÇàɽÊÕÁËÆåÅÌÒª×ß¡£
µÚ1860ÕÂ:¹ûÈ»ÓÐÎÊÌâ(1/2),µã»÷ÏÂÒ»Ò³¼ÌÐøÔĶÁ